Angethlor Wimberly

Valerie Young is a marketing manager for Wisson, a fragrance company headquartered in Chicago. While working for Wisson, Valerie discovers information that questions her ethics and places her in compromising dilemmas. The discovery contributes to the stressors she experiences. Her manager, Mr. Lionel Waters, was hired by Wisson for his successful contributions to the female fragrance industry. Mr. Waters is responsible for the stressors experienced by Valerie. While working in the U. S. n a working visa, Valerie provides organizational, marketing and financial skills for Wisson. She continues to produce quality work after the downsizing of her department. As a newly accepted student for the master's of science program at the University of Chicago she is grateful to her company for tuition reimbursement if she receives A's and B's in her classes. She has a type B personality. She sees the big picture of her actions and others and does not react quickly when involved in situations. She has a boyfriend who is neutral to her job and provides advice when she needs it.He is someone who she can rely on for confidentiality. Mr. Waters has over 14 years with Wisson. Upon hiring, Waters hired two close friends and gave them salaries beyond company policy. He has a Type A personality. He is more concerned with the amount of money he is making rather than how he is making it. He spends most of his time spending as much of the company money as he can and as quickly as possible. He shows up to work when he wants to and leaves the team he is suppose to be heading in the dark. They are left alone without a mentor or someone to provide professional guidance.In an effort to make copies, Valerie noticed someone left the copier machine jammed. While trying to remove the jammed papers, she discovers paperwork relating to Waters. The papers were invoices for two fragrance companies owned by Waters. Apparently, Waters stopped working with previous fragrance companies and dealt strict ly with his own to gain money and kickbacks for new products put out by Wisson. After the discovery, Valerie went home to talk it over with her boyfriend. She needed a way to release the anger she felt inside. She knew that it was against company policy for customers to accept bribes and kickbacks.Many questions ran through her mind which contributed to stress. She wondered if other members of the team were aware of the situation, is it common practice for an employee to have a financial interest of such with the company. The knowledge of the paperwork she found placed Valerie in a difficult dilemma which questioned her ethics. If she confronted Wisson with her findings she could risk losing her job. Wisson may have a good relationship with Waters. Waters was hired because of his success rate. Valerie could be replaced. Wisson may know what is taking place at his company.If Valeries loses her job she will have 30 days to be hired with another company or face deportation. If another company were to consider hiring Valerie, they would inquire a lot of paperwork and the U. S. has made it difficult and expensive for them to do so. Deportation could mean losing her chance to attend a Master’s of Science program she was accepted at. Wisson has agreed to reimburse for every â€Å"A† and â€Å"B† grade she receives at the University of Chicago. Valerie has a good relationship with her team mates at work. She will miss the camaraderie and friendships they have built among themselves.Leaving the U. S. would also mean leaving her boyfriend who has supported her and has been her confidant when she needed someone to talk to. Valerie did confront Waters about allowing other fragrance companies an opportunity. An agreement from Waters would alleviate the stress and ease her conscious of not turning in Waters. The fear of a broken relationship with her colleges due to her dropping the ball on the supervisor will no longer linger in her mind. Valerie could choose to keep her mouth shut. A higher degree could mean more opportunities for her career.Even though her boss, Waters, lacks good management skills and leadership principles the formed friendships she experiences with her colleagues will last a life time. Waters would show up late to meetings, overspend on launching events, cancel meetings at the last minute and rarely showed up at work. The other team members were used to it and learned to be more efficient and productive without their team leader, Waters. Good advice for Valerie is to keep mouth shut for now. Keep a log book of everything that goes on. She is single with no kids and she is capable of getting a Master’s degree within 12-15 months.While obtaining degree, look for another job and apply for citizenship. With a Master’s degree, she will have a lot to contribute to the U. S. and this fact may assist her with obtaining citizenship. Before leaving the company and after receiving degree, contact Wisson an d disclose the information. Allow Wisson to make the decision and remind him of your degree. The door may be open for her to replace Water’s. Valerie is eager to learn about perfuming and she has a good working relationship with the employees who did all the work while Water’s wasted company’s money and took vacations.

Germany and Sweden as Cmes

To what extent would you regard Germany and Sweden as coordinated market economies? 1. Introduction In an era where internationalism is contemporary, it has become crucial for countries to liberalize markets and renovate traditional structures. This is particularly important for countries whose social values and economic relationships are based on public coordination. This essay is going to explore the degree to which we consider Germany and Sweden as modern coordinated market economies, and the changes brought about in recent decades.To assess the changes we shall look at trends in trade union and employers’ association participations, collective bargaining reforms, training systems amendments, renewals in corporate governance and fluctuations of wage inequality; first by uncovering the basics in each element and then evaluating their stability in relation to globalization. 1. 1 What is a coordinated market economy (CME)?Being one of the wings of capitalism in which industria l relations and economic conditions are measured, as Bamber, Lansbury and Wailes (2011) state, CMEs can be used as â€Å"an approach for comparing†¦different countries, [with this comparison, it allows us] the understanding of convergence and/or divergence† between different economies. And in each of the key elements we mentioned, companies in CMEs resolve problems through relational, non-market based strategies and the outcome will be strongly dependent upon co-operation with supporting institutions. . 1 Past dominance of trade unions and employers’ associations A key feature of a CME is the dominance of employers’ association and trade unions within the country’s industrial relations; both Germany and Sweden have had a high degree of centralization during the 1980s. Trade unions were a powerful, acting as representative for labour in large corporations and also intermediaries of employment between labour and employers.A common characteristic is tha t the labour unions in the two countries manage institutions for all labour participation; Hancke (1996) states that in Germany, three quarters â€Å"of the members of works councils are union members and they coordinate actions with the labour union sections (Vertrauensleute). In Sweden, local â€Å"shopfloor clubs† (Verkstadsklubben) not only negotiate company agreements with the firm†¦[but also] recruit every newly arrived worker†.On the other hand, employers’ associations were also well-managed in both countries for a long post-war period; German industry federations are able to authorize private firms that are even no longer part of central arrangements on cases involved in collective bargaining, employee training and other social policies. In Sweden, Kurzer (1993) finds, â€Å"large companies in the export sector are part of financial conglomerates holding, which allows for high coordination capacities amongst large firms†. 2. 2 Recent trends i n membershipsHowever, both countries have become less concentrated in the recent decades as both have experienced less union and association densities for the massive individualization of enterprises and the falling popularity of collective agreements – now with the society seeing less value of group negotiations, which makes the industrial relations less compact compared to before. In Germany, both employers’ associations and trade unions have been experiencing a slump in the number of members since late 1990s.This is particularly evident in industries from Eastern Germany, where many organisations have resigned or become reluctant to join associations and took preference in company level negotiations. Shroeder and Silvia (2007) use the Metals Industry Employers’ Association to exemplify that employment density in Eastern Germany has fallen more severely than Western Germany. We can notice from the diagram below that since 1992, the percentage of Eastern associ ation density has decreased dramatically from over 65%, down to less than 25% in a decade.After the German unification, union members have clearly declined, Eurofound (2009) shows that â€Å"from 1991 to 1998, German Trade Unions lost almost 3. 5 million members†. The majority of these resignations were found to be eastern German labour, Eurofound states, â€Å"leaving the unions because of unemployment and disillusion with the western-type unionism†. Data from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD, 2013) further shows the downward sloping of German Trade Unionists density since 1999; from 25. 3% it has dismounted to 18. 8% in 2009.The main cause for this trend is due to the loss of traditional dominant union memberships in manufacturing industries and public sectors, worsened by issues in persuading younger generation in the expanding service industries within private sector. Hence, the value of collective agreements has been called into que stion as it is becoming extremely difficult to positively coordinate the relations between employers’ associations and trade unions. This is predominant in â€Å"a growing number of private services industries†, Eurofound informs, where â€Å"concluding collective agreements at all has shown to be increasingly difficult or not realizable†.Unlike Germany, Sweden on the other hand has dealt with much higher historical density in trade union members which suffered recent decline but continuously concentrated employers’ associations; the decrease in trade unionists is spread evenly between white-collar and blue-collar workers, men and women, and more problematic amongst the younger working generation who have less regard for unions – a drop in the private sector from 78% in 1993 to 65% in 2009 as shown in the table above; â€Å"the decrease in membership is mainly due to the government’s amendments of the fees to the unemployment benefits in Ja nuary 2007†, presented by Kjellberg (2007); the main objective to significantly amending the funds was to â€Å"to persuade unions with high fund fees to be more moderate in wage negotiations†. As for employers’ associations, unlike trade unions, its density has been rather stable over the years, with only 2% drop from 1995, private sector labour in 2009 has still got over 75% density in employers’ associations.Therefore, when compared to Germany, Sweden has a higher degree of coordination in balancing the density of the two sides of its industrial relations over the years, and has remained rather stable; if not long-term then this rather forecasts the near future of these two economies – the summary being Germany becoming more market-oriented with less collective participation of its social partners, whereas the Swedish economy is more likely to maintain a coordinated market in this sense. 2. 3 Decentralization of collective bargaining In this sect ion we will discover that the industrial relations within both countries are becoming more decentralized in the second half of 21st century as the level of collective bargaining decreases, and therefore moving further away from a coordinated market system;The initiation of Germany’s decentralization has actually long been observed by researchers since early post-war periods. Many have argued that the main outcome of this renewal was to avoid the rise of another â€Å"centralized super-state†, says Johnson (1973). In hope this will bring separated powers of legislation, politics and administration between the government, the federated states and the local authorities, to produce the ideal, ‘good government’. Following such perception, the German economy has been made key amendments in its industrial relations policies – extending its collective bargaining with opening clauses into agreements within sectoral level, making terms more flexible and less controversial.This has been seen as an improvement to prevent organisations from completely abandoning the usage of collective conditions. Such clauses were put into four categories listed by Schnabel (1998): 1) Hardship Clauses; enabling companies to be exempted from certain industry-level bargaining when facing bankruptcy and show signs of making viable strategies for future. 2) Clauses with Veto Rights; these give social partners such as managers and works council to negotiate particular agreements related to individual firms. 3) Clauses without Veto Rights; unlike the previous category, these clauses empower plant-level social partners to terminate collective terms that show signs of irrelevance with industry-level agreements. ) Small Enterprise Clauses; giving special treatment to small companies facing economic downturn by allowing them to set wages below the minimum level which was collectively agreed upon. In terms of the distribution of such opening clauses, the IAB Institu te for Employment Research (2005) shows that more than  Ã¢â‚¬Å"13% of the companies surveyed in both eastern and western Germany that are covered by collective bargaining confirmed that opening clauses exist in their collective agreements. Of these establishments, 52% made use of opening clauses in 2005†. However, even with such adjustments in the system, the use of opening clauses will rely heavily on the economic situation of the specific organisation. When the figures are favorable, then such clauses will be implemented less often.Compared to its neighbouring countries, Sweden has showed early signs of decentralization beginning late 1980s with government sharing more responsibilities with local administration; the most symbolic being the release of ‘free communes’, as mentioned by De Vries (2000), a system â€Å"in which a limited number of communes and counties were allowed to apply for dispensation of state laws, rules and regulations†. Together wit h the downsized central government, closer attention was then paid to market forces and began the establishment of â€Å"hollow states†. One of the nationwide movements was the erosion of collective bargaining within the past two decades, as social partners have become more willing to pass on the negotiation on wages and working hours to local level. For instance, certain terms on wages are left intentionally ambiguous to let the local level authority take charge and decide on the specific figures on final rates and figures.However, there still remains a high degree of controversy as employers harshly pursue a improvements in the bargaining system while attempting to take payment agreements to local levels – making to extremes in manual industries such as negotiating wages individually; the state is facing difficulties to respond to these demands, because from the perspective of economists, it is most ideal to be either highly centralized or as it was before, greatly d ecentralized, not somewhere in between. When making decisions, as debated by Eurofound (2009), parties at national level will consider the economy as a whole and correspond with a collective responsibility, whereas with enterprise leveled agreements, only individual firms’ stakes are considered – but when placed in the middle, parties often lose the acuteness in authority.The national coverage of collective terms remains a high figure in recent period; reported by Eurofound (2009), as much as 92% in 2001 and 91% in 2007 – however, such coverage figures is extremely misleading in this case with the decreasing rate of unionists and employers associations in Swenden – that is, although remaining high above EU average and constantly used as an indicator to measure the strength of bargaining powers and the extent of benefits received by social partners, less of them are actually being bounded by collective agreements in recent years, making the coverage less e ffective. 2. 4 Transforming education and training One of the most noticeable features of a CME is its highly proficient education and training system; the purpose is to have an extremely skilled labour force with skills specific to the industry or enterprise in which they are employed in. Culpepper (2001) states that in order for companies to coordinate employee capabilities and for workers to receive beneficial employment, there are various ways how a CME manages its training systems;In Germany, the responsibility of training and education is shared amongst firms and public authorities, â€Å"organized on a co-operative, tripartite basis†, referred by Hoffmann (2004); the German â€Å"Dual-system†, is acknowledged as world’s leading model for high-quality training, business practices and theoretical learning. The foundation of the dual-system is built by altering training in vocational schools and private firms, â€Å"while in-firm training is regulated natio nally, the vocational school instruction programs are the responsibility of the Lander (states)†, Trembaly and Le Bot (2003) mention. However, the durability of this system has been at the centre of debate ever since the elimination of the nation’s Training and Apprenticeship Law back in 1969.The model faces numerous challenges in meeting demand from rapid changes brought about by modern production systems; it is essential to keep a large working population to sustain its framework, but becoming problematic as currently Germany is having an ageing population, thus harder to recruit as many apprentices as forty years ago. As the occupational structure is dependent on collective agreement, when lacking skillful labour, Masden (1990) worries that if in such â€Å" difficult labour market situation, some firms [do not comply to regulations by] increasing wages to attract apprentices or, alternatively, poaching apprentices trained in other firms, then the whole system may p rogressively be brought into question†.The focus of this system also faces a huge dilemma between the increasing demand for theoretical learning amongst younger workers and the higher standard of skills wanted within productive systems, Gehin and Mehaut (1994) discuss it is potentially challenging the logics of the whole system while creating stocks of unskilled workers out of the job market. Additionally, issue is raised for the outpaced training speed against technical changes in the modern production system, especially for key requirements in multi-tasked occupations and practical de-compartmentalization. Kern and Schumann (1989) suggest that this trend of demand for â€Å"theoretical, general and vocational training are increasing and will continue to do so†. Therefore, if the dual-system were to be sustained, serious adjustments would have to be made to comply with modern requirements.Since the 1940s, new forms of vocational training have taken shape in Swedish org anizations, where the majority was still conducted by public institutes. This has started to shift, however, in the final quarter of the century, where responsibility began to move to local authorities from the central government. Following this trend of decentralization, the manufacturing industry in particular, has taken chance to put large investments into different training programmes to enhance productivity. But serious questions has been raised as trainees in the manufacturing sector face challenges â€Å"with the increased amount of theoretical education†¦as firms’ demand for workers with better theoretical knowledge† began to soar at the same time, Lundahl and Sander (1998) mention.With this given circumstance in Sweden, four models of education and training are used to demonstrate the degree to which coordination is deteriorating and decentralization has taken place; firstly, we have to acknowledge that the demand for labour competence has changed vastly with the increasing demand of formal education amongst new workforce and the general rise of demand for new products and practices in organisations. Within the industrial programme, the most controversial of all models, as Lundalh and Sander (1998) describe, a system in which inhibits a distinctive characteristic of â€Å"education in workshops† (arbetsforlagd utbildning); although very intensive and effective, it requires a large amount of time in workshops and includes theory as well as practical exercises. Many firms are reluctant to take initiatives as they argue that not enough human capital or time can be allocated to give proper training to each group of trainees.Continuously debated by researchers, such as Olofsson (1997), is the relevant application of the apprenticeship system onto modern organisations as its value has been rethought alongside secondary education, now deserted in most large cities, remaining exclusive to areas such as Svedala. The third model, Firmà ¢â‚¬â„¢s Schooling, is a highly demanding system that require 50% more time input and only submits students with outstanding performance, applied only in large enterprises such as Volvo or Scania where intensive training is seen as obligatory to match international competition. Lastly, Technical Programmes is widely accepted by municipalities with provisions of extra vocational studies, and also organizations can be more involved in supervision. It is a co-operation between groups of firms in terms of common facilities and cost-sharing, and has become more popular after producing impressive recruitment effects.According to Trembaly and Le Bot (2003), several amendments were proposed to reform the German system following the listed principles; â€Å"1) modernization of regulation, 2) inclusion of new occupational fields, 3) mutual recognition of the various parts of the system and 4) differentiation of training†. Hence, in order to adapt to evolving market demands, the German training system still is, and needs to be coordinated by public authority to a great extent to aid the private sector in improving employability, incorporating occupations and general training. As for Sweden, the transition of training responsibility onto individual organizations from local authority is due to its failure to provide emerging labour with desired competence.At the present, different methods are implemented by firms that deliver contrasting quality levels in training programmes; this is hugely differentiated from traditional forms of Swedish vocational training. The four models all demonstrate a degree of success but act more as a forecast of future vocational practices in Sweden – the extinction of conventional industrial programmes, further proving the liberation of Swedish economy from central coordination. 2. 5 New models for Corporate Governance In terms of corporate governance, a CME is established through the solid relationships between its financial inst itutions and private organizations. In this section we shall look specifically at the role of public financial institutions and other external stakeholders on the corporate operations of organizationsIn Germany, there was definitely a strong coordination of economic exchanges between industrial companies and institutions by means of cross-shareholding, supported by many scholars and again proves Hall’s relational view of CMEs; such â€Å"close relationships and interlocking between board members of different companies† and financial institutions such as banks and insurance companies, Hopt and Prigge (1998) also support, which composite the country’s main characteristics of corporate governance, together with heavy reliance on personal connections. It is essential to discover the features of the German model before discussing the reforms in recent years; there is a universal banking system that permits banks to possess equity shares in industrial organisations â €“ allowing banks to alter company’s decisions. Porter (1992) refers this as the â€Å"shareholder direction† situation since more the equity share, the larger the influence. This relationship between banks and firms is long-term and fairly stable because as well as equity, the banks also provide a large share of debt and carries operational management in the firms’ finance, this strongly protects companies from being taken over.To get further involved with company decisions banks are able to release proxy votes, as clarified by Onetti and Pisoni (2009), â€Å"this is done in relation to votes related to direct equity shares, [for instance by exercising] the voting rights for the shares that retail customers deposit with them†. Consequently, this gives more authority to banks in public firms. Since the German model is heavily influenced by banks, the stock market has therefore a small role to bear in corporate governance, proved by the IMF World Econo mic Outlook (2007) the fact that during 1990 to 2005, the capitalization as a percentage of GDP in Germany was only 38%, compared to 132% in UK, a much more liberal market economy.Since the shareholding in Germany is usually long-term with companies, there is a reciprocal of equity connections between firms themselves and firms and banks, creating a system of cross-sharing. Despite its robust features mentioned, the Germany corporate governance system is bending due to socio-economic changes brought about internally and externally; the globalization of Germany markets, enabling the listing of top companies on international stock exchanges, such as Daimler being traded on the New York Stock Exchange. There is a substantial increase in the amount of foreign investment in domestic industries, referred to by Jurgens et al. (2000) as the â€Å"turning point in the transformation of the German system of corporate governance.Due to recent economic recessions that caused a wave of bankrupt cies in German markets, banks have started to reduce the amount of their corporate equity in shareholding as more value is discovered in freer financial markets, stated by Jurgens and Rupp (2002), and began to focus more on economic performance; this in turn gave more freedom to the financial market legalizing numerous new financial choices for companies. On the other side, Swedish corporate governance consists of a great division of ownership from control by means of â€Å"pyramids, dual class shares, and cross-holding [that] increases the potential for private benefits of control†, cited by Holmen and Knopf (2004).The basic structures are formed by two types of partnerships; first, it is between entrepreneurs and rich families, then there is the alliance between engineers and technology innovators. Sometimes Sweden is described as an extreme version of â€Å"Rhineland model†, as Habbard (2008) stresses, it contains corporations that are owned by big industrial groups , â€Å"privileging organic growth† and features of a typical CME. Taking a closer look at the Swedish model of ownership we notice that the power is usually held by one to two owners, who are most of the time wealthy families. Henrekson and Jakobsson (2003) conclude that â€Å"regarding controlling ownership, the Swedish ownership model thus resembles the predominant corporate governance model on the European continent†.The rigidity and concentration of this structure has been based on a few important Swedish families and banks, Habbarb (2008) continues; Wallenberg, Lundberg, Stenbeck, Klingspor, Von Horn families and Svenska Handelsbanken SHB, Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken SEB banks. There are two main fundamental differences when Sweden is compared to other European corporate models; the whole ownership of shares on the stock exchange is controlled by just a few holders. Secondly, the capital base that this ownership is constructed on, is usually much smaller compar ed to other EU countries. Nevertheless, even the most stable models have their weaknesses. During the last two decades, there had been some drastic transformations in the corporate models within Swedish organizations.The most challenging is the rise of foreign investment and ownership in domestic firms. This has been more dramatic than any other industrialized countries in Europe, shifting the power of control and operation from foreign owners. Hence, as Henrekson and Jakobsson (2003) propose, new models are likely to form under the inadequacy of the traditional one; first and the least likely it is the complete ownership by foreign investors – where domestic firms transform into subsidiaries to companies such as multinationals. â€Å"Dispersed ownership†, as in shared ownership between foreign investors and Swedish owners where no one supersede the other in terms of control.Having an external institution such as the state pension or corporatist as owners; more probabl e as currently joined with the central government they are already biggest shareholders of stock exchange. Lastly and most likely to surface is the ownership by entrepreneurs supported by public authorities; especially during crisis where governments put more faith in worthy investors to The observed changes in the financial exchanges within German economy forecasts a certain extent of convergence towards a market-oriented financial model. However, due to the deep roots of German customs in its bank-firm relation, certain aspects of its corporate governance will remain nchanged in the near future due to the emphasis placed on â€Å"Mitbestimmung, or co-decision and co-responsibility† culture quoted by Hacketal et al. (2003) and other scholars in defense of the German persistency in relational structure. On the other side, the predictions for corporate governance amendments are various in shape and none will be take over completely in the future. Some conceive of more coordina tion from the government and other less so. But it is for certain that the old model will lose its dominance over time and the Swedish overall corporate structure will become more market-oriented for economic wellbeing. 2. 6 Wage distribution and inequalityA CME should not only have a highly skilled workforce but when compared to liberal market economies, it should also high wage levels with low dispersion across different deciles of its population. It is essential to look at our two countries starting from the 1990s to have a deeper insight of the impact of the great recession upon its income distributions over the following years, and to verify whether the advancement in modern socio-economic models have weakened their coordination powers. From the study conducted by Bach, Corneo and Steiner (2007), there proved to be a general rise in the dispersion of German market incomes between 1992 and 2003.Using the Gini coefficient, as a â€Å"standard summary indicator† to measure the equality of income levels we can observe that dispersion of market income from the average earners has increased substantially since the 1990s; from 0. 6155 it has gone up to 0. 6522 in 2003. As detailed by the following table, the median income has dropped by more than 30%, being â‚ ¬12. 496 per individual in 1992, compared to â‚ ¬8,173 in 2003. An obvious trend is the accumulation of market income on the top percentile of income earners. Back in 2003, around 41% of total market income was composited within the higher percentile earners. Bach, Corneo and Steiner further point out that â€Å"this group was formed by about 640 individuals, with an average income of 16 million euro, excluding capital gains†.The sources of rising inequality in German income levels are as follow; the unemployed numbers have steeply gone up in the past two decades, Biewen and Juhasz (2010) note that in 2005, there were an estimated peak of five million people registered out of work, with â€Å"more unemployment growth concentrated in the lower part of the income distribution†. This creates a larger income inequality as a huge segment of the low-income population is unemployed, losing their potential income. The different changes in taxation schemes; although it was reduced overall, it has favored top income earners than the rest, distorting the original distribution of income levels.Moreover, the transition in domestic structure such as more single parents and smaller family sizes that have drastically differed from past family average income patterns, as studies by Peichl et al. (2010). Lastly, with the ageing population; Germany now has a much narrower age segment of young adults, and a greater demand for qualification in addition to other factors in demographics that contribute to the wider dispersion of income levels. Although at a very low level, Sweden has also experienced an increasing inequality of income distribution in its income market. The trend has began since the early 1990s, caused if not worsened by the economic crisis, noted by Palme et al. 2003), as the Gross Domestic Product had been consecutively negative for three years 1990-1993, together with the declining employment rate that is more than 10 percent during the period. Then there was an increased number of workers involved in labour market policies, Palme (2006) mentions that† triggered a crisis for the public finances which was then responded by a combination of tax increases and benefits cut†. This had further burdened households’ income levels. We can see from the table that there was a decrease in annual average disposable income from 1992 (1991 as the base year) with â‚ ¬138,000 to â‚ ¬126,000 in 1995, that only managed to pick up again in 1997.However, the figures provided by Fritzell (2001) showed an upward trend of average disposable income levels after the crisis; first, it was due to the rapid rise in capital gains hat helped th e top income percentile with higher earnings, secondly, the wage per hour was increased in all registered occupations. , this was however, slowed down by the growing unemployment in the same period. To measure the inequality of income dispersion, we will again use the Gini coefficient and the poverty rate. The inequality has risen since the beginning of 1990s, Palme (2006) proves, from 0. 219 it has increased to its peak – 0. 279 in 2000. The reason is the adjustments in the taxation systems that strongly affected households in making serious financial decisions. Despite the economic slump during the 1990s, poverty rate in Sweden has not changed largely which is phenomenal considering the extent of the recession all European countries faced.It is not until 1999 where poverty started to pick up but is again astonishing as Swedish employment figures were still healthy even when compared internationally. Conclusively, German central coordination is losing its battle to market po wers, becoming less effective in moderating wage equality in recent decade, as the intention of keeping a low dispersion of income levels has began to give way modern socio-economic developments. Sweden, however, when compared to the rest of European countries, is doubtless a strongly CME in terms of moderating its equality of market income levels and keeping its poverty rate to the lowest and most stable within the union. 3. ConclusionChanging demographics, socio-economic and technological patterns have created mass distortion in traditional market structures in both Germany and Sweden. After looking at them in five different aspects, we learn that there is decreasing participation of social partners in collective terms in both countries but much less in Sweden, thus a decreasing value for collective bargaining; wage inequality is more dispersed in Germany than in Sweden; while corporate structure in both countries have become more market-oriented in time but still retains usage of old models; and German still contains a mixture of public training whereas Sweden is moving quicker towards privatized programmes.Conclusively, although both countries have become less coordinated than few decades ago, Germany has got a greater degree of decentralization compared to Sweden, taking higher level of reforms in its economic structures while Sweden tends to cling more onto traditional coordination values. 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Hall and David Soskice, eds. , Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 275-306. De Vries, M. S. 2000), The rise and fall of decentralization: A comparative analysis of arguments and practices in European countries, Kluwer Academic Publishers, European Journal of Political Research 38: 193–224, Euofound, (2009), Industrial Relations Profile, available at: http://www. eurofound. europa. eu/eiro/country/sweden. htm, accessed on 10/02/2013 Fritzell, J. 2001. ‘Inkomstfordelningens trender under 1990-talet' (Income distributions trends in th e 1990s), in J. Fritzell and J. Palme (eds. ), Valfardens finansiering och fordelning (The Financing and Distribution of Welfare. ). Swedish Government Official Report (SOU) 2000:57. Anthology from the Welfare Commission Stockholm: Fritzes. Gehin,J. P. and Mehaut, P. 1995), The German Dual System: A Model for Europe? available at : http://www. hampp-verlag. de/ArchivIndB/1_95_Gehin_Mehaut. pdf accessed on 13/02/2013 Hackethal A. Schmidt R. and Tyrell M. (2003),Corporate Governance in Germany: Transition to a Modern Capital Market-Based System? , Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 149, pp. 664-674. Hall, P. , & Soskice, D. W. (2001). An Introduction to Varieties of Capitalism:. Harvard : Harvard Press. Hancke, B (1996) European Works Councils and Industrial Restructuring in the European Motor Industry, European Journal of Industrial Relations, London, Thousand Oaks, Volume 6 Number 1 pp 35–59 Hoffmann J. 2004)  Co-ordinated continental European market econom ies under pressure from globalisation: case study ; Germany's â€Å"Rhineland capitalism†. Brussel Holmen, M. and Knopf, J. D (2004), Minority Shareholder Protections and the Private Benefits of Control for Swedish Mergers, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, University of Washington, Seattle, Vol. 39 No. 1 Hopt K. J. , Kanda H. , Roe M. J. Wymeersch E. and Prigge S. (1998), Comparative Corporate governance, The State of the Art and Emerging Research, Oxford, Oxford University Press. Johnson, N. (1973). Government in the Federal Republic of Germany: The executive at work. Oxford/New York: Pergamon Press. Jurgens U. and Rupp J. 2002), The German System of Corporate Governance, Characteristics and Changes, Veroffentlichungserihe der Abteilung Regulierung von Arbeit des Forschungsschwerpunkts Technick-Arbei-Umwelt des Wissenschafts-zentru Berlin fur Sozialforschung, FS II 02-203 Kangas, O. , ; Palme, J. (2005). Social policy and economic development in the Nordic cou ntries. Houndmills, Basingestoke, Hampshire, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Kern, H. Schumann, M. (1989). New concepts of production in West German plants. In P. Katzenstain (Ed. ). The Third West German Republic. Ithica, New York: Cornell University Press. Kjellberg, A. (1983). Facklig Organisering I Tolv Lander. (Lund, Archiv) Kurzer, P. (1993). Business and Banking. Political Change and Economic Integration in Western Europe (Ithaca NY, Cornell University Press) Lundahl, L. Sander, T. (1998).Vocational education and training in Germany and Sweden: strategies of control and movements of resistance and opposition : report from a symposium. Umea? : Thematic Network Teacher Education in Europe. Marsden, Peter V. 1990. â€Å"Network Data and Measurement. † Annual Review of Sociology, Volume 16 (1990), pp. 435-463. Olofsson, J. (1997), Arbetsmarknadens yrkesrad. Parterna och yrkesutbildningen 1930-1970, Lund Papers in Economic History, no 59. Palme, J. , A. Bergmark, O. Backman, F. Estrada, The Japanese Journal of Social Security Policy, Vol. 5, No. 1 (June 2006) 25 J. Fritzell, O. 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A Survey On Eating Habits And How Often A Person Exercises...

Introduction In America today only one in three children are physically active every day. Lack of exercise is a major problem we face in society. The government has provided many statistics on physical activity, like how 80.2 million people above the age of six are physically inactive. I was really interested to see the exercise levels in busy college student’s lives. Research Objectives I decided to conduct a survey on eating habits and how often a person exercises. I wanted to see an average of how many days a week people workout or exercise. I was also curious to see how many people drink soda or pop regularly. There was so many ways I could have gone with my survey, so it was very important to think about the right questions to ask in my survey. Another thing my exercise survey had was some tough questions. One question was: If there was a table with a fruit of your choice or a fast food item of your choice which one would you choose? For that hard question I hypothesized that more than 50% would choose the fast food item. Another tough question I asked in the survey was: do you think Americas obesity problem is due to lack of exercise? I hypothesized people would most likely say yes or 75% total. For my survey I also only interviewed Wright State University students. With that being said I wanted to see out of twenty people how many have actu ally use the Wright State gym. I have heard from a lot of people that the gym is intimidating, most don’t work out there. IShow MoreRelatedA Good And Healthy Nutrition Is Essential For Your Health1442 Words   |  6 PagesRecommendations for Future Action 3 6.0 Conclusion 4 7.0 Appendices 5 7.1 Appendix 5 7.2 Appendix 6 7.3 Appendix 7 7.4 Appendix 8 8.0 Works Cited 9 1.0 Introduction A good and healthy nutrition is essential for your health. However, a survey that was conducted in 2007 proves that the Australian adolescents consume less fruit and the intake of the saturated fat and the sugars have increased in consumption (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2015). Some of the studies have shown that adolescentsRead MoreArgumentative Research Paper: Parents Responsible for Childhood Obesity947 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Parental behavioral patterns concerning shopping, cooking, eating and exercise have an important influence on a child’s energy, balance and ultimately their weight† said diet specialist, Anne Collins (â€Å"Childhood Obesity Facts†). Childhood obesity has more than tripled since the 1980’s (â€Å"Childhood Obesity Facts†). Childhood obesity often leads to obesity as an adult which can put a person at greater risks dealing with the heart, diabetes, and many other obese related diseases. People want to blameRead More How Diet And A Healthy Diet Essay1499 Words   |  6 Pages Name : Nyle Foreman 11EV Type 2 Diabetes - An issue for our community My report is about: How can exercise and a healthy diet help in the management of Type-2 Diabetes? In New Zealand, Type-2 Diabetes is a growing issue. For many years now, it has been a severe problem and is only getting worse. According to NZ Ministry of Health Survey, the obesity rates are climbing in NZ, and as obesity is directly linked with Type 2 Diabetes.There are incredible numbers of people in NZ being diagnosed withRead MoreStress And Eating Disorder Among University Students Essay1334 Words   |  6 PagesSTRESS AND EATING DISORDER Abstract Eating habits are closely associated with our perception of eating. There can be also exogenous factors that affects our eating habits such as getting low mark from the exam or ending of a romantic relationship. Some people tend to be eat more or less depends on these triggering situations. This study will examine the relationship between stressRead MoreEating Disorders And Its Impact On Society1646 Words   |  7 Pages Eating Disorders and Its Impact on Society Brett White Tallahassee Community College Psychology 1101 Michelle Peruche November 06, 2015 Abstract Eating disorders are very common in today’s society and can cause death if an intervention isn’t performed. While working in the hospital and being part of the wrestling team in high school I’ve witness several people with this disorder. Anorexia and bulimia are the most prevalent and generally are accompanied by another psychological disorderRead MoreEating Disorders Are An Abnormal Approach Towards Food1315 Words   |  6 PagesEating disorders are an abnormal approach towards food, causing severe changes to eating habits and behavior. (NHS, 2015). A person suffering from an eating disorder compulsively focuses on their weight and body shape. Eating disorders involve range of conditions that have an impact on individual’s personal life as well as affecting an individual physically and socially. The most commonly known eating disorders are: †¢ anorexia nervosa †¢ bulimia nervosa †¢ overeating – binge eating disorder AnorexiaRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Body Image1424 Words   |  6 Pagesdirectly affecting the eating disorder epidemic. What exactly is an eating disorder? There are multiple different types of eating disorders: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, eating-disorder-not-otherwise-specified, and binge eating disorder. These are just some of the more common eating disorders people can suffer from. Anorexia nervosa according to National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA), is â€Å"characterized by self-starvation and excessive weight loss.† In other words a person who suffers fromRead MoreThe Effect Of Stress And Eating Habits On College Student Academic Performance2020 Words   |  9 Pagesproject is to see how stress and eating habits can affect college student academic performance, to determine the correlation between stress and eating habits,how it influence or affect college student academic performance. 25 participants were selected from Spring 2015 Kean University,Participants age ranges from 18-25. The majority of the participants were female, 16 female, 7 male, 16 female, and 1 particip ants did not disclosed their gender. participants answered 20 question survey with questionsRead MoreCounseling Adults With Eating Disorder1643 Words   |  7 Pages Counseling Adults with Eating disorder Merlene Lewis THE College of New Rochelle Professor Martinez Theory and counselling Introduction Objective: To describe eating patterns, eating behaviors, to highlight some of the problem people face when dealing with an illness or a disorder, adult struggle more from eating disorder. Some reason why it is more difficult is because of work, taking care of their house whole and family; this illness is a relentless pursuit of thinness, a misrepresentationRead MoreEating Disorders Among Female Athletes958 Words   |  4 PagesEating Disorders Among Collegiate Female Student-Athletes Eating disorders (e.g., anorexia nervosa, bulimia) are not rare in today’s society. They have become increasingly common among young women. Research indicates that there is a link between the media’s representation of â€Å"the perfect body† as well as ideals of attractiveness with dissatisfaction of body image and eating disorders (Ferguson, Munoz, Garza, Galindo, 2013). In this current literature review, I will focus on the impact of eating

The Effects Of Media Violence On Children - 1943 Words

For many years now, the media has been a big part of our lives. Almost everybody in the world is or has connected to it one way or another. It is a way for families and friends to have fun together, for interesting topics that people are interested in, or to just enjoy alone. However, there is a problem that can be seen across all types of media: violence. Violence can be seen as a distraught way to get over problems. There is judgement issues involved for violence. It is done by bullies in school, adults at a bar, gangs on the streets, but there is no greater effect on children, pertaining to violence, than the media. It is very destructive and could harm the youth in a mental way. Children are exposed to massive amounts of depictions of violence in many forms of media, and have become desensitized and more aggressive; therefore an effort should be made to teach children about empathy. Media can be traced back to ancient times with literature, but more advanced types of media emerg ed within the nineteenth and twentieth century. This includes the invention of movies and television. Going more along the timeline, the invention and rising popularity of video games in the 1970s and 1980s is seen as well. Violence has been included in all of these media forms, whether it be mild or severe. â€Å"For more than five decades, Americans have been concerned about the frequent depiction of violence in the mass media and the harm these portrayals might do to the youth† (AndersonShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Media Violence On Children873 Words   |  4 Pages According to the Media Education Foundation, once a child reaches eighteen years of age, they have witnessed around 200,000 acts of violence and 16,000 murders (jacksonkatz.com). Our society loves entertainment and a grand portion of this entertainment contains violence. Children constantly consume violent visuals, due to their prevalence. Majority of our society is uninterested in the effects of media viol ence since its effects do not show immediately. Misinformation is our greatest enemy in theRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Children974 Words   |  4 Pagesmany kinds of media, like Internet, video game, television and film. It is generally believed that some of the bad information such as violent content in the media can have a negative effect on people, and it can end up causing some social problem. It is clear that children are more likely to be influenced by media violence than other age groups because of their world outlook and personality are not formed. Furthermore is if media violence does have some profound influence on children, this will leadRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Children884 Words   |  4 Pagesis all this necessary to fabricate in the media? What are characters in movies teaching kids? What about the language in music talking about killing people and talking about violence like it’s the cool thing? What about new channels always ta lking about guns, bombs and threats to the public, is this what is influencing are children because they view it as a norm? Some may agree with this as others may disagree. Media violence is not the factor in violence today. Studies show that over 90% of homesRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Children1357 Words   |  6 Pagesthe graphic cruelty and violence. According to American Psychological Association, the harmful influence of media violence on children dates back to the 1950s and 1960s, and remains strong today. A child that watches violence or hears about violence can be influenced to become violent. Indeed, in reviewing the totality of empirical evidence regarding the impact of media violence, the conclusion that exposure to violent portrayals poses a risk of harmful effects on children has been reached by theRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Children2411 Words   |  10 PagesMedia Violence is definitely harmful to children as the exposure of media violence can desensitize children (age 6-12) to violence and in the real world; violence becomes enjoyable and does not result in apprehensiveness in the child. There have been s everal studies and experiments regarding the adverse effects of violence used in video games, television, as well as movies. With both preschool and school-aged children, studies have found that they are more likely to imitate the violence they seeRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Children2122 Words   |  9 Pagesexposed to various types of media, for example books or magazines, television, song lyrics, video games, and movies. Media often portrays, aggressive action, behaviour, and violence. This content can negatively affect not only adolescents and adults, but can have an even greater effect on children even from the moment they are exposed to it. Children who are exposed to violence in the media may display aggressive and violent behaviour. Young people especially children under the age of eight thisRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Children1903 Words   |  8 Pagesdepict different forms of violence. Some people feel that there is too much violence exposed in the media. Many studies have made the claim that the media is responsible for much of the violence seen in the world we live in. However, people have choices and responsibilities we cannot allow ourselves to blame it on other things such as the media. The violence seen in our media has an impact on both adults and children. Since children are also exposed to various forms of media, there has been additionalRead MoreEffects of Media Violence on Children2430 Words   |  10 PagesThe Effect of Media Violence on Children and Levels of Aggression. It has been said that children are like sponges when it comes to attaining knowledge. This seems to be true whether they are learning to speak or how to show emotion. Feelings and emotions become more imminent once children begin to go through adolescents. Children acquire the ability to aggression, sadness, and happiness more readily. Males typically exhibit higher levels of aggression then females according to some researchRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Children1270 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent forms of violence. Some people feel that there is too much violence exposed in the media. Many studies have made the claim that the media is responsible for much of the violence seen in the world we live in (List and Wolfgang). However, people have choices and responsibilities we cannot allow ourselves to blame it on other things such as the media. The violence seen in our media has an impact on both adults and children. Since children are also exposed to various forms of media, there has beenRead MoreWhat Is the Effect of Media Violence on Children1314 Words   |  6 PagesYasser Abdelaziz Ms. Williams English 1010-18 13, December 2010 The Effect of Media Violence on Children Although very little research was done on it in the past, media violence has sparked much controversy in recent history. As technology becomes more advanced, new methods of uncovering the media’s effects on children have emerged. Advances in Neuroscience, for example, can become tools to understanding the effects media violence has from a psychological standpoint. The brain in its underpinnings

The Classroom Culture Of Respect - 940 Words

I endeavor to establish and maintain rapport with my students, and among my students, with the goal of creating an environment of respect in my classroom. This classroom culture of respect is essential to an effective learning environment. One of the ways I build this rapport is to issue a short survey the first week of class. An example of a survey is the attached artifact 4b_Student_Survey. In a survey, I ask the students to tell me something about themselves – what name they prefer, what they want to do in the future, their hobbies, interests, favorite color, etc. I then peruse the completed surveys and create name tents for my students. I incorporate pictures or symbols on the individual name tents to reflect some of the personal information the students have revealed. The attached artifact, 4b_Name_Tents, shows a sample of some of the name tents I produced for my students, as well as my own name tent. I read the class roster prior to the first class for the sake of learni ng my students names in advance, and then I use the name tents to help me put the names with the faces. I use the pictures on the name tents to aid my establishment of a personal connection to each student. For example, the name tents in artifact 4b_Name_Tents clearly show that Rod is interested in all sports and wants to be a coach, while Julysa likes to play volleyball and aspires to be a teacher. Knowing these facts gives me the insight into each student that allows me to make personalShow MoreRelatedI Didn t Be Racist?828 Words   |  4 Pagestheir students differences, and learn to value and respect these differences in the classroom. Educators must model positive behavior by respecting and valuing where their students come from. When educators value differences in the classroom, it creates a culture in which everyone can be himself or herself. In order to create this culture in my future classroom I need to acknowledge all of my student’s differences, and I must learn to value and respect these differences. â€Å"It is uncomfortable for studentsRead MoreThe Cultural Environment Of A School858 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The cultural environment of a school can speak louder than any words. The culture of the school is the life force that keeps the school moving forward and in the right direction. Keeping the environment and culture of the school up beat and positive can be a hard thing for any administrative team to handle. Imploring the correct administration is a very important step in this process. Finding the right administrators that are going to support, listen and lead the faculty of the schoolRead MoreImportance Of The American Education System1461 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom Arab and Muslim culture will bring unique and positive qualities to our classrooms that need to be recognized and valued. Teachers have a strong influence on how comfortable a student will feel in the classroom community. I believe it is important to create an environment where students feel safe to ask questions, share their culture, be themselves, believe in what they want to believe, and be celebrated for their differ ences as well as similarities. I believe each culture brings forth studentsRead MoreClassrooms Are More Diverse?849 Words   |  4 PagesI do agree that classrooms are more diverse. Taking all the education courses that I have has made me think about this. When I was in elementary school I never remember having any wide diversities in my classrooms. My teaching people of other cultures teacher provided us with ELL statistics in the US from last year and all I had to was WOW. Resiliency. I really like that characteristic. Resilient children do have the upper hand. They can better adapt and not let all the negativity effect them.Read MoreMulticultural Education Is A Method For Instruction That Values Diversity Within The Classroom1227 Words   |  5 Pagessupports diversity within a classroom setting incorporate teaching. More importantly, it is important that within schools teachers as well as students need to understand one another’s background; such as their culture, race, and ethnicity. For students it prepares them for life in an culturally diverse society. Throughout this paper it is focused on multicultural education in our society. Multicultural education is a method to instruction that values diversity within the classroom. Multicultural educationRead MoreThe First Attribute Of An Effective Teacher950 Words   |  4 Pageseffective teacher is respect. The important thing about this, is that to create a culture of learning the students and teachers must respect each other. The teacher has to understand each home culture. The culture of the student practices at home whether that be similar to their own or different. Each child has a different way of interacting with adults. In some cultures, such as Chinese culture, looking down and not making eye contact actually means respect for elders. In Deaf culture you don t beatRead MoreCase Study : Three Seven Years Old Learning Spanish Since Age Two1207 Words   |  5 PagesHunter, Matthew and Dylan. Content Integration, I used this dimension all the time. I am from Mexico I have been taught them about my culture since I moved to live with them. I can see their knowledge about other cultures and mine culture. They are just seven, but their knowledge about other culture is surprising. For example, Hunter and I talked about Mexican culture and I told him I am Mexican so Are you Mexican or American? and his answer shocked me. He said â€Å"I am Honduras† I asked him what do youRead MoreCultural Competency Improves the Quality of Health Care627 Words   |  3 Pagescompetence is inevitable in order to get what you want in the classroom. Planning poorly in the classroom, planning that is ignorant to principles of cultural competence may yield false and biased results. As for the continuum, I am an immigrant here in the United States myself. I attended one of the most diverse elementary schools as a child. At McKinley Elementary there were equal students of all ethnicities and races. I shared classrooms with Caucasians, Hispanics, African Americans, Asians, ArabsRead MoreClassroom Management And The Environment989 Words   |  4 PagesClassroom management is integral to the environment in which students learn. Classroom management serves to regulate the behaviors, practices and focus of students to elicit participation. When enacted in a culturally responsive way, classroom management extends to consider how a student’s culture influences their motivations and behaviors. Calloway indicates, â€Å"a positive relationship was found to exist between classroom management and cultural teaching† (Calloway, n.d, p. 5). Responsive teachingRead MoreDiversity in the Classroom Essay888 Words   |  4 PagesDiversity in classrooms can open stu dent’s minds to all the world has to offer. At times diversity and understanding of culture, deviant experiences and perspectives can be difficult to fulfill, but with appropriate strategies and resources, it can lead students gaining a high level of respect for those unlike them, preferably than a judgmental and prejudiced view. Diversity has broad ranges of spectrums. Students from all across the continent; students from political refugees, indigenous Americans

Method Of Accounting That Helps In Identification †Free Samples

Questions: 1. Activity-based costing(ABC) is acostingmethodology that identifies activities in an organization and assigns the cost of each activity with resources to all products and services according to the actual consumption by each.Do you think Activity-Based Costing (ABC) has any advantages if so discuss few advantages and also the challenges of this system and how we can resolve it? 2. ALHAMAD Corporation uses process costing. A number of transactions that occurred in December are listed below. Raw materials that cost $38,200 are withdrawn from the storeroom for use in the Mixing Department. All of these raw materials are classified as direct materials.Direct labor costs of $36,500 are incurred, but not yet paid, in the Mixing Department. Manufacturing overhead of $42,100 is applied in the Mixing Department using the department's predetermined overhead rate.Units with a carrying cost of $112,400 finish processing in the Mixing Department and are transferred to the Drying Department for further processing.Units with a carrying cost of $143,800 finish processing in the Drying Department, the final step in the production process, and are transferred to the finished goods warehouse.Finished goods with a carrying cost of $138,500 are sold. 3. Explain why a plant wide overhead allocation system may not be optimal for many companies in today is business environment? 4. Selling price 150 S.R per unit Variable cost 90 S.R per unit Fixed cost 600,000 S.R (TOTAL) What is the beak-even-point? What is the selling price, if break - even point is 12000 units? Answers: Answer 1 Activity -Based-Costing (ABC) is the method of accounting that helps in the identification of the activities of the organization and based on that allocates the overhead expenses to each of its product. A methodology builds a relationship between cost activities and products to increase the accuracy of its production. The benefits of this process of costing are as follows: The ABC stresses on the organizational activities that could benefit most from the process improvement tools like Six Sigma. It improvises the product accuracy by increasing the number of cost pools that are to gather the indirect cost. This methodology uses the cost pools that are more Homogenous than the cost pools in the departments which again helps in enhancing the accuracy of the product The activity costing stresses on the activities of the business to assign the overheads, therefore the sole cause of those costs are measured rather than depending solely on the direct labor hours. There is a better understanding of the individual activities and facilitates comparison. However, this approach of cost accounting has some limitations that can be jotted down as follows: The cost of implanting the ABC system is comparatively higher than its benefits. The various data are needed to be collected and it requires substantial resources to carry on with the process, thus costly to maintain. The approach is used only when the products differ in volume, batch size and in activities. If the situation is different, ABC is not worth the cost. The ABC costing only benefits when the conditions for the same have considerably changed since the existing cost system has established. Only when there is no understanding of the rise in the overhead costs this procedure is beneficial. The cost of maintenance of the activity based costing is worth only when then management does not trust the existing cost system and ignores the informative decision making data. Although, there can be various modifications made in the ABC process in order to overcome the limitations, assuming the system is used only for internal decision making purposes. The two modifications can be made are: The administrative and selling cost should be allocated to its product appropriately. From the product costs, the facility- level cost should be removed. Answer 2 In the books of ALHAMAD Corporation. Journal Date Particulars l.f Amount in $ (Debit) Amount in $ (Credit) December Mixing Department A/cDr To Direct materials A/c (Being raw materials from the storeroom withdrawn use in mixing department) 38200 38200 December Mixing department A/cDr To outstanding cost A/c (Being direct labor cost outstanding in the Mixing Department) 36500 36500 December Manufacturing Expenses A/c Dr To Mixing Department A/c (Being Manufacturing Overhead applied to Mixing Department) 42100 42100 December Drying Department A/c.Dr To Mixing Department A/c (Being units from Mixing Department Transferred to Drying department) 112400 112400 December Finished goods A/cDr To Drying Department A/c (Being Units from drying Department transferred to Finished Goods warehouse) 143800 143800 December Cash A/c..Dr To Sales A/c (Being cash received from sales of finished goods). 138500 138500 Answer 3 The plant wide overhead allocation system is known as the activity based costing. In this methodology, each activity is focused in order to allocate the overhead costs in each of its products. The cost of the process of implementing is costlier compared to the direct method of costing. It requires substantial resources and data are to be collected. This makes the maintenance cost high. Thus, a company may not opt for this procedure. Answer 4 To calculate the breakeven point in unit the formula used is= Fixed cost/Contribution margin, where contribution margin= (selling price per unit-variable cost per unit). According to the problem, Fixed cost= 600000 S.R, Contribution margin =150S.R-90S.R = 60S.R. Therefore, Breakeven Point = 600000/60 = 10000units. Now, in the second case the given breakeven point is 12000units. The variable cost is also the same that is 90 S.R, the selling price = S.P According to the problem, Fixed Cost = 600000 S.R, the contribution = (S.P - 90) Therefore, 12000=600000/ (S.P - 90) Or, (S.P - 90) = 600000/12000 Or, S.P 90 = 50 Or, S.P = 40 The selling price per unit when the beak even unit is 12000 is 40 S.R.

Pain Medicine Essays - Pain, Acute Pain, Morphine, Hospice

Pain Medicine IMPLANTABLE INFUSION DEVICES FOR LONG TERM PAIN MANAGEMENT; EXAMINATION OF ITS EFFECTIVENESS AGAINST OTHER MEASURES I reviewed 36 available articles up to date in order to answer the above question. In my presentation I will start by giving background information about chronic pain. I will discuss different types of delivery systems available, their benefits to the patient, as well as disbenefits, and cost. Chronic pain reduces the quality of life in many patients and restricts their ability to engage in normal daily activities. Although many pain patients may be managed in the long term on oral medications, there is percentage of this population that needs additional or alternative means of treatment. Many side effects of the medications themselves, such as depression, drowsiness, confusion may contribute to the intractable nature of the problem. For the past 18 years, administration of opiates by the spinal route has been one of the palliative treatments available for intractable cancer pain or non-malignant pain, which is resistant to other methods. The goal of the morphine pump is not to deal with the underlying disease but to control the pain symptoms. Intrathecal and epidural administration of narcotics relieves pain by stimulation of stereospecific opiate receptors in the spinal cord and brain stem. Several types of intraspinal opioid delivery systems are now in use, and they are selected based on the patient's life expectancy. Less than 5% of cancer patients require invasive approaches for the treatment of cancer pain. However, it is theoretically possible to use these technologies for all chronic pain patients, and the market could be enormous. Patient management guidelines that were published in 1993 in the Journal of Pain and Symptom Management suggest that patients with cancer related pain who have undergone sequential strong opioid drug trials, who have intractable, unmanageable side effects, and who have undergone a successful spinal opioid efficacy trial and patients with none cancer related chronic pain who failed all conventional syndrome specific therapies before neuroablative surgical procedures, including sequential strong opioid drug trials, who have intractable, unmanageable side effects, and who have undergone a successful spinal opioid efficacy trial, ?are? candidates for implantable spinal infusional therapy. During my literature review, I was surprised to discover that there are no controlled research data available on this technology; all reports to date have been case reports or studies of relatively small series of patients. Many studies do not give information about disease status or progression during the trial. There is very little information regarding patients who discontinued treatment. There are no direct comparisons of effectiveness of intraspinal morphine vs. other delivery systems in matched subjects. Little discussion is present regarding patient satisfaction data nor the incidence of side effects. In terms of patient benefits IIPs have been stated to offer a number of possible advantages over other therapies: enhanced activities of daily living and increased activity level, the therapy can be easily tailored (non invasively) to meet changing patient needs, reversible therapies (non destructive), and long term cost effectiveness. Chodekiewitz has suggested in 1995, that with better pain control, patients are likely to return to a more active life and decrease their use of ineffective alternative treatments. In terms of disbenefits, there are problems that can arise after the implantation of a pump. These problems can be broadly categorized into surgical, mechanical and pharmacological. Long term, and immediate follow up are required in regard to infection, CSF leakage, neural damage and perhaps tolerance, dependence and safety aspects; in my literature search I found that two patients have died from overdose. The cost of the implantable infusion devices is high. There is also the cost of the operation to implant the system, plus the cost of repeated filling and trouble shooting. It could also mean an outpatient visit at least every three months until the pain resolves. Only one attempt has been made to estimate the likely cost of using pumps for long term pain management and this was a very small case series of nine patients (Horisberger et al. Socioeconomic aspects of an implantable drug delivery device. Recent Results in Cancer Research 1991; 121: 223-232.) To summarize, implantable infusion devices are used to administer drugs to treat chronic malignant or non-malignant pain. They have been developed primarily